Last revised: Thursday, January 29, 2026 at 02:58 PM
Total number of DOFs of a member is the summation of DOFs of the two nodes. Therefore, for a 3D beam, the stiffness matrix is of size 12 x 12. The elastic stiffness matrix in the local coordinate system with shear deformation is given [Ref. 8] as follows:

where:
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;
;
;